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Battle of Apple River Fort
The Battle of Apple River Fort, occurred on the late afternoon of June 24, 1832 at the Apple River Fort, in present-day Elizabeth, Illinois, when Black Hawk and his "British Band" of Sauk and Fox stumbled across a group of four messengers en route from Galena, Illinois. The small group of militia at the fort, led by Captain Clack Stone, fought off Black Hawk's 150-man war party in an action that lasted about an hour. The withering pace of the gunfire eventually convinced Black Hawk that the fort was too heavily defended to lead a direct attack, and he and his band of warriors retreated.
After the battle, certain individuals were honored above the others for their bravery in assisting the numerically inferior force. Elizabeth Armstrong rallied the settlement's women, who had taken shelter inside the fort, to mold musket balls and reload weapons so that the militia could keep up with the pace of the battle. Fred Dixon rode ahead to warn some 40 settlers of the approaching Sauk and Fox, thus saving their lives. Though the fort was torn down around 1847, a replica was built in its place and still stands in Elizabeth. George Herclerode was the only fatality inside the fort.
== Background ==
As a consequence of an 1804 treaty between the Governor of Indiana Territory and a group of Sauk and Fox leaders regarding land settlement, the Sauk and Fox tribes vacated their lands in Illinois and moved west of the Mississippi in 1828. However, Sauk Chief Black Hawk and others disputed the treaty, claiming that the full tribal councils had not been consulted, nor did those representing the tribes have authorization to cede lands.〔 Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830–31 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi River, but was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and the British, he again moved his so-called "British Band" of around 1000 warriors and non-combatants into Illinois.〔Lewis, James. "(The Black Hawk War of 1832 )," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, ''Northern Illinois University''. Retrieved August 1, 2007.〕 Finding no allies, he attempted to return to Iowa, but the undisciplined Illinois militia's actions led to the Battle of Stillman's Run.〔"(May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run )," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved August 6, 2007.〕 A number of other engagements followed, and the militias of Michigan Territory and Illinois were mobilized to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. The conflict became known as the Black Hawk War.
The period between Stillman's Run and the Battle of Apple River Fort was filled with war-related activity and events. A series of attacks at Buffalo Grove, the Plum River settlement, Fort Blue Mounds and the war's most famous incident, the Indian Creek massacre, all took place between mid-May and late June 1832.〔"(May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters )," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved September 21, 2007.〕 The week preceding the Battle of Apple River Fort was an important turning point for the militia: between June 16–18 two key battles, one at Waddams Grove and the other at Horseshoe Bend, played a key role in changing public perception about the militia after its defeat at Stillman's Run.〔"(James Stephenson Describes the Battle at Yellow Creek ), Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin Historical Society''. Retrieved September 21, 2007.〕〔"(June 16: Henry Dodge Describes The Battle of the Pecatonica )," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved September 21, 2007.〕〔"(June 16: Peter Parkinson Recalls the Battle of the Pecatonica )," Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War, ''Wisconsin State Historical Society''. Retrieved September 21, 2007.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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